Light Duty
Efficiency of EVs in US and China
Jan 25, 202623 min read
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TodayPolicy, regulation, engines, emission norms and clean-fuel intelligence for decision makers.
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Based on proposal by EU Commission, published on December 16th, 2025
Batteries and internal combustion engines can co-exist beyond 2035, if the European Commission's proposal is to be accepted. In a significant change from the previous target of 100% reduction in tailpipe CO2 emissions from passenger cars starting 2035, the Commission has proposed a 90% reduction instead, compared to a 2021 baseline. This is being hailed as a major breakthrough by the automotive industry, and a sky-is-falling-level setback by enviros. Possibly both are exaggerating, for the change is not as significant as the headline makes it seem. Here are some supporting details.
CO2 fleet-wide emission targets vs. 2021 baseline revised:
(1) 2030 target for Vans : Reduced from 50% to 40%
(2) 2035 target for Cars & Vans : Reduced from 100% to 90%
- Remaining emissions to be compensated by use of made-in-EU low-C steel or sustainable renewable fuel credits
- Fuel credits to be based on volume and GHG carbon intensity
- Fuels shall be renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBOs), biofuels and biogas produced by specified feedstock (Directive (EU) 2018/2001)
- Fuel credits shall not reduce CO2 emissions by > 3% of fleet-wide target, and not by > 1% for biofuels & biogas
- Low C steel credits not reduce CO2 emissions by > 7% of fleet-wide target
Global CO2 standards for major markets are shown here. This includes the standards for US MY 2027 - 2032, which are very likely to be on the chopping block in early 2026. The standards in India are also under scrutiny, especially due to some provisions which favor small vehicles. The main change for now, is the revision of the European 2035 target, which previously hugged the x-axis and is now at a 90% reduction vs. the 2021 baseline.
Various groups have started estimating the impact of the changed target on battery electric share and CO2 emissions. Two examples, ICCT and Transport&Environment, show that the BEV share could reduce 17 - 25 percentage points in 2035 with a similar reduction even in the near-term at 2030.
Perhaps an overlooked question is what impact this will have on the hydrogen market, given its possible increased demand for green steel.
MOBILITYNOTES MEMBERS: Click below to download the CO2 Limits plot with underlying data.
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